|
Rife
Technology | Resources
| Products | Contact
Facts About
Fluoridation You Did Not Know
References:
1) Fluoride: Not an Essential Nutrient:National Research Council (1993).
Health Effects of
Ingested Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington DC. See page 30.
2) Arsenic Levels in Fluoridation Chemicals:Hazan, Stan (2000). Letter
to Florida
Department of Health from Stan Hazan, General Manager, Drinking Water Additives
Certification Program, National Sanitation Foundation International. 24
April 2000.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/NSF-Letter.pdf
3) Fluoride's Topical Vs. Systemic Effects:
a) Burt, B.A. (1994). Letter. Fluoride, 27, 180-181.
b) Carlos, J.P. (1983). Comments on Fluoride. J.Pedodontics. Winter,
135-136.
c) CDC. (2001). Recommendations for Using Fluoride to Prevent and Control
Dental Caries in the United States. Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review.
August 17, 50(RR14):1-42.
d) CDC (1999). Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Fluoridation of
Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries. Mortality and Morbidity Weekly
Review (MMWR), 48(41);933-940 October 22, 1999.
http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm
e) Featherstone, J.D.B. (1987) The Mechanism of dental decay. Nutrition
Today, May/June, 10.
f) Featherstone J.D.B. (1999) Prevention and reversal of dental caries:
role of
low level fluoride. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 27:31-40.
g) Featherstone, J.D.B. (2000). The Science and Practice of Caries Prevention.
Journal of the American Dental Association. 131, 887-899.
g) Fejerskov, O. et al (1981) Rational use of fluorides in caries prevention.
Acta. Odontol. Scand., 241-249.
h) Levine, R.S., (1976). The action of fluoride in caries prevention: a
review
of current concepts. Brit. Dent. J. 140, 9-14.
i) Locker, D. (1999). Benefits and Risks of Water Fluoridation. An Update
of
the 1996 Federal-Provincial Sub-committee Report. Prepared for Ontario
Ministry of Health and Long Term Care.
j) Limeback, H. (1999). A re-examination of the pre-eruptive and
post-eruptive mechanism of the anti-caries effects of fluoride: is there
any
caries benefit from swallowing fluoride? Community. Dent. Oral Epidemiol.
27,
62-71.
k) Margolis, H.C. and Moreno, E.C. (1990). Physicochemical Perspectives
on
the Cariostatic Mechanisms of Systemic and Topical Fluorides. J. Dent.
Res 69
(Special Issue) 606-613.
4) Fluoride Never Approved as Safe & Effective by FDA:
Kelly, J.V. (2000). Letter to Senator Robert Smith, Chairman of Environment
and Public
Works Committe, U.S. Senate, August 14, 2000. (for text see
http://www.fluoridealert.org/f-supplements.htm)
5) Fluoride Ineffective at Preventing Pit & Fissure Decay:
a) Dental study upsets the accepted wisdom. Science News. Vol. 125, No.
1.
Jan.7, 1984.
b) Gray, AS. (1987). Fluoridation: Time For A New Base Line? Journal of
the
Canadian Dental Association. No. 10.
c) Loe, H. (1984). Hearings: Subcommittee of the Committee on
Appropriations, House of Representatives. Dr. Harald Loe, Director of the
National Institute of Dental Research.
d) Journal of the American Dental Association. (1984). Preserving the perfect
tooth. Editorial. Vol. 108.
e) Pinkham, JR, ed. (1999). Pediatric Dentistry Infancy Through Adolescence.
3rd Edition. WB Saunders Co.
f) Public Health Reports. (1993). Toward Improving the Oral Health of
Americans. Vol. 108, No. 6. Nov. - Dec.
6) Cavities Declining throughout Western Industrialized World, Irrespective
of Fluoridation:
a) Colquhoun, J (1997) Why I changed my mind about Fluoridation.
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 41, 29-44.
http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/312103.htm
b) Diesendorf, M.(1986). The Mystery of Declining Tooth Decay. Nature,
322,
125-129.
c) WHO (Online). WHO Oral Health Country/Area Profile Programme.
Department of Noncommunicable Diseases Surveillance/Oral Health. WHO
Collaborating Centre, Malmö University, Sweden.
http://www.whocollab.od.mah.se/euro.html
7) NIDR's National Survey on Dental Health (Largest Dental Survey Ever
Conducted in US):
a) Brunelle, J.A. and Carlos, J.P. (1990). Recent trends in dental caries
in
U.S. children and the effect of water fluoridation. J. Dent. Res 69, (Special
edition), 723-727. (Read correspondence on this study).
b) Hileman, B. (1989). New Studies Cast Doubt on Fluoridation Benefits.
Chemical and Engineering News, 67 (19) May 8.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/NIDR.htm
c) Yiamouyiannis, J.A. (1990). Water Fluoridation and Tooth decay: Results
from the 1986-87 National Survey of U.S. Schoolchildren. Fluoride, 23,
55-67.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/DMFTs.htm
8) Fluoridation Cessation Studies:
a) Burt BA, Keels MA, Heller KE. (2000). The effects of a break in water
fluoridation on the development of dental caries and fluorosis.J Dent Res
Feb;79(2):761-9.
b) Kunzel, W., Fischer, T., Lorenz R., Bruhmann, S. (2000). Decline in
caries
prevalence after the cessation of water fluoridation in former East Germany.
Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 28(5): 382-389.
c) Kunzel, W. and T. Fischer (2000). Caries prevalence after cessation
of
water fluoridation in La Salud, Cuba. Caries Res 34(1): 20-5.
d) Maupome, G. et al. (2001). Patterns of dental caries following the
cessation of water fluoridation. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 29(1): 37-47.
e) Seppa, L., Karkkaimen, S. and Hausen, H. (2000) Caries trends 1992-98
in two low-fluoride Finnish towns formerly with and without fluoride. Caries
Res
34(6): 462-8.
9) Fluoridation doesn't Prevent Baby Bottle Tooth Decay:
a) Barnes GP et al. Ethnicity, Location, Age, and Fluoridation Factors
in Baby
Bottle Tooth Decay and Caries Prevalence of Head Start Children. Public
Health Reports; 107: 167-73, 1992.
b) Von Burg MM et al. Baby Bottle Tooth Decay: A Concern for All Mothers.
Pediatric Nursing; 21:515-519, 1995.
10) Lack of Dentists Accepting Medicaid Patients:
Guiden, M. (1990). Dental Health for kids moves to the forefront. State
Health Notes
19(280). Forum for State Health Policy Leadership, National Conference
of State
Legislatures. July 6. (Cited in: U.S. Department of Health & Human
Services. (U.S. DHHS)
(2000). Oral health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville,
MD: U.S.
Department of Health & Human Services. National Institute of Dental
and Craniofacial
Research, National Institutes of Health. http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/sgr/execsumm.htm)
11) Fluoride Acute Toxicity Data:
a) Hodge, H.C. and Smith, F.A. (1965). Fluorine Chemistry Vol. IV. Academic
Press, New York.
b) Gleason, M.N., Gosselin, R.E., Hodge, H.C., & Smith, R.P. (1969).
Clinical
Toxicology of Commercial Products. 3rd Ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
c) Physicians Desk Reference (1995). Pedia-flor Drops. pp. 2114.
12) Nutritional Deficiences Exacerbate Fluoride's Toxicity:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (1993). Toxicological
Profile for
Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine (F). U.S. Department of Health
& Human
Services, Public Health Service. ATSDR/TP-91/17.
13) Total Fluoride Exposure on the Increase:
a) Environmental Fluoride (1977) National Research Council of Canada (NRCC
No.16081) Associate Committee On Scientific Criteria For Environmental
Quality.
b) DHHS (1991). Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Report of the Ad
Hoc
Committee on Fluoride of the Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health
and Related Programs. Department of Health and Human Services, USA.
14) 29.1% of US Children in Fluoridated Areas have Dental Fluorosis on
2 teeth:
Heller KE et al (1997). Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis at Varying Water
Fluoride
Concentrations. J of Pub Health Dent, 57;No. 3, 136-143.
15) An Average of 50% of all Fluoride Ingested Accumulates in the Body
National Research Council (1993). Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride.
National Academy
Press, Washington DC. See page 131.
16) UNICEF's Report on Fluoride:
UNICEF Water, Environment & Sanitation. Fluoride in water: An overview.
Waterfront December 1999
http://www.unicef.org/programme/wes/info/fluor.htm
17) Chemical & Engineering News Review of Fluoridation:
Hileman, B. (1988). Fluoridation of water. Questions about health risks
and
benefits remain after more than 40 years. Chemical and Engineering News.
August 1, 1988, 26-42. http://www.fluoridealert.org/hileman.htm
18) Clinical Trials Examining the Effectiveness of Fluoride Therapy for
the treatment of
Osteoporosis:
a) Hedlund LR, Gallagher JC. (1989). Increased incidence of hip fracture
in
osteoporotic women treated with sodium fluoride. J Bone Miner Res
Apr;4(2):223-5.
b) Riggs, B.L. et al (1990). Effect of Fluoride treatment on the Fracture
Rates
in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. N. Eng. J. Med., 322, 802-809.
19) New England Journal of Medicine Editorial Discussing Fluoride &
Bone:
Lindsay, R. (1990). Fluoride and Bone - Quantity Versus Quality. Editorial.
New England
Journal of Medicine. Vol. 322. No. 12. March 22.
20) Water Fluoride/Hip Fracture Studies:
a) Cauley, J., P. Murphy, et al. (1995). "Effects of fluoridated drinking
water
on bone mass and fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures." J Bone
Min
Res 10(7): 1076-86.
b) Cooper, C., C. Wickham, et al. (1991). "Water fluoridation and hip
fracture." JAMA 266: 513-514 (letter, a reanalysis of data presented in
1990
paper).
c) Cooper, C., C. Wickham, et al. (1990). "Water fluoride concentration
and
fracture of the proximal femur." J Epidemiol Community Health 44: 17-19.
d) Danielson, C., J. L. Lyon, et al. (1992). "Hip fractures and fluoridation
in
Utah's elderly population." Journal of the American Medical Association
268(6): 746-748.
e) Feskanich D., et al. (1998). Use of toenail fluoride levels as an indicator
for the risk of hip and forearm fractures in women. Epidemiology 9(4):
412-6.
f) Hegmann, K.T. et al (2000) the Effects of Fluoridation on Degenerative
Joint Disease (DJD) and Hip Fractures.Abstract #71, of the 33rd Annual
Meeting of the Society For Epidemiological research, June 15-17, 2000.
Published in a Supplement of Am. J. Epid.
g) Hillier, S., C. Copper, et al. (2000). "Fluoride in drinking water and
risk of
hip fracture in the UK: a case control study." The Lancet 335: 265-269.
h) Jacobsen, S., J. Goldberg, et al. (1992). "The association between water
fluoridation and hip fracture among white women and men aged 65 years and
older; a national ecologic study." Annals of Epidemiology 2: 617-626.
i) Jacobsen, S., J. Goldberg, et al. (1990). "Regional variation in the
incidence
of hip fracture: US white women aged 65 years and olders." J Am Med Assoc
264(4): 500-2.
j) Jacobsen, S.J. et al (1993). Hip Fracture Incidence Before and After
the
Fluoridation of the Public Water Supply, Rochester, Minnesota. American
Journal of Public Health, 83, 743-745.
k) Jacqmin-Gadda, H. (1995). "Fluorine concentration in drinking water
and
fractures in the elderly." JAMA 273: 775-776 (letter).
l) Jacqmin-Gadda, H., A. Fourrier, et al. (1998). "Risk factors for fractures
in
the elderly." Epidemiology 9(4): 417-423. (An elaboration of the 1995 study
referred to in the JAMA letter).
m) Karagas,M.R. et al (1996). "Patterns of Fracture among the United States
Elderly: Geographic and Fluoride Effects". Ann. Epidemiol. 6 (3), 209-216.
n) Keller, C. (1991) Fluorides in drinking water. Unpublished results.
Discussed in Gordon, S.L. and Corbin, S.B,(1992) Summary of Workshop on
Drinking Water Fluoride Influence on Hip Fracture on Bone Health.
Osteoporosis Int. 2, 109-117.
o) Kurttio, P., N. Gustavsson, et al. (1999). "Exposure to natural fluoride
in
well water and hip fracture: A cohort analysis in Finland." American Journal
of
Epidemiology 150(8): 817-824.
p) Lehmann R. et al (1998). Drinking Water Fluoridation: Bone Mineral
Density and Hip Fracture Incidence. Bone, 22, 273-278.
q) Li Y, et al. (2001). Effect of long-term exposure to fluoride in drinking
water on risks of bone fractures. J Bone Miner Res.16(5):932-9.
r) May, D.S. and Wilson, M.G. Hip fractures in relation to water fluoridation:
an
ecologic analysis. Unpublished data, discussed in Gordon, S.L. and Corbin
S.B.,(1992), Summary of Workshop on Drinking Water Fluoride Inflruenbce
on Hip Fracture on Bone Health. Osteoporosis Int. 2, 109-117.
s) Phipps, K. R. (2000). Community water fluoridation, bone mineral density
and fractures: prospective study of effects in older women. British Medical
Journal, 321: 860-4.
t) Sowers, M., M. Clark, et al. (1991). "A prospective study of bone mineral
content and fracture in communities with differential fluoride exposure."
American Journal of Epidemiology 133: 649-660.
u) Suarez-Almazor, M., G. Flowerdew, et al. (1993). "The fluoridation of
drinking water and hip fracture hospitalization rates in two Canadian
communities." Am J Public Health 83: 689-693.
21) Neurotoxic Effects of Sodium Fluoride:
Mullenix, P. et al (1995).Neurotoxicity of Sodium Fluoride in Rats
Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 17, 169-177.
22) Chinese Studies Concerning Relationship between Fluoride & Decreased
IQ:
a) Li, X.S., (1995). Effect of Fluoride Exposure on Intelligence in Children.
Fluoride, 28:4, 189-192
b) Li Y, Li X, Wei S. (1994). [Effect of excessive fluoride intake on mental
work capacity of children and a preliminary study of its mechanism] Hua
Hsi I
Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao Jun;25(2):188-91.
c) Lin Fa-Fu; et al (1991). The relationship of a low-iodine and high-fluoride
environment to subclinical cretinism in Xinjiang. Iodine Deficiency Disorder
Newsletter. Vol. 7. No. 3.
d) Lu, Y. et al (2000). Effect of high-fluoride water on intelligence of
children.
Fluoride, 33, 74-78.
e) Zhao, L.B. et al (1996). Effect of high-fluoride water supply on children's
intelligence. Fluoride, 29, 190-192.
23) Fluoride & Pineal Gland:
a) Luke, J. (1997). The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal
Gland. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Surrey, Guildord.
b) Luke, J. (2001). Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland.
Caries Res. 35:125-128.
24) European Doctors Used Fluoride to Treat Hyperthyroidism:
a) Stecher, P, et al. (1960). The Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs. Merck
& Co., Inc, Rathway NJ.
b) Waldbott, G.L., Burgstahler, A.W. and McKinney, H.L. Fluoridation: The
Great Dilemma. Coronado Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas, 1978.
25) US Government Data on Total Fluoride Intake (1.6-6.6 mg/day) in Fluoridated
Communities:
DHHS (1991). Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Report of the Ad Hoc
Committee on Fluoride of the Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health
and Related Programs. Department of Health and Human Services, USA.
26) Study Discussing Dosage of Fluoride (2.3-4.5 mg/day) Found to Depress
Thyroid Gland:
Galletti, P. & Joyet, G. (1958). Effect of Fluorine on Thyroidal Iodine
Metabolism in Hyperthyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology;
18:1102-1110 http://www.fluoridealert.org/galletti.htm
27) Brain Research Study Reporting that Fluoride Administers the Uptake
of Aluminum into
the Brain:
Varner, J.A. et al (1998). "Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride
and
Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water: Alterations in Neuronal and
Cerebrovascular Integrity" Brain Research, 784, 284-298.
28) Epidemiological Studies Reporting Association Between Fluoridated Water
and Elevated
Blood Lead Levels in Children:
Masters, R. et al. (2000). Association of Silicofluoride Treated Water
with
Elevated Blood Lead. Neurotoxicology. 21:6, 1091-1099.
29) Another Epidemiological Study Reporting Association Between Fluoridated
Water and
Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children:
Masters, R.D. and Coplan, M. (1999). "Water treatment with Silicofluorides
and Lead Toxicity" International Journal of Environmental Studies.
September.
30) Fluoride is a Mutagen:
Department of Health and Human Services (1991). Review of fluoride benefits
and risks. Appendix H. H1-H6.
31) EPA's Dr. William Marcus Discussing his Objections to the NTP's Downgrading
of the
Tumors:
a) Marcus, W. (1990). Memorandum from Dr. William Marcus,to Alan B. Hais,
Acting Director Criteria & Standards Division ODW, US EPA, DATED MAY
1,
1990, and subsequent memos. These can be viewed on the web at
http://www.fluoridealert.org/marcus.htm
b) 30) Marcus, W. (1995). Radio Interview with Dr. Gary Null. March 10.See
www.fluoridealert.org/ifin-19.htm
32) Study Finding Decreased Female Fertility in Areas with Elevated Fluoride
in the Water:
Freni SC. (1994). Exposure to high fluoride concentrations in drinking
water is
associated with decreased birth rates. J Toxicology and Environmental Health
42:109-121.
33) Statement from EPA Headquarters Union on Why they Oppose Fluoridation:
Hirzy, J.W. (1999). Why the EPA's Headquarters Union of Scientists Opposes
Fluoridation.
Press release from National Treasury Employees Union, May 1, 1999. (for
text see
http://www.fluoridealert.org/HP-Epa.htm )
Click
here to return to article
|
